Answer - A
Option A is CORRECT becasue the VTL is most cost-effective storage option here when compared to Gateway-Cached or the Gateway-Stored Volumes while the user is looking for a backup storage for the on-premises data.
Option B is incorrect because this is NOT a cost-effective option it keeps only the frequently accessed data (not the entire data) on the on-premises server to get quick access.
Option C is incorrect because although both Gateway-Cached Volumes and Gateway-Stored Volume can be independently deployed as storage/backup options these are not as cost-effective as the VTL.
Option D is incorrect because this is also NOT a cost-effective option for storage of data.
More information on AWS Storage Gateway
Volume Gateway – A volume gateway provides cloud-backed storage volumes that you can mount as Internet Small Computer System Interface (iSCSI) devices from your on-premises application servers. The gateway supports the following volume configurations:
Cached volumes – You store your data in Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3) and retain a copy of frequently accessed data subsets locally. Cached volumes offer substantial cost savings on primary storage and minimize the need to scale your storage on-premises. You also retain low-latency access to your frequently accessed data.
Stored volumes – If you need low-latency access to your entire dataset, first configure your on-premises gateway to store all your data locally. Then asynchronously back up point-in-time snapshots of this data to Amazon S3. This configuration provides durable and inexpensive off-site backups that you can recover to your local data center or Amazon EC2. For example, if you need replacement capacity for disaster recovery, you can recover the backups to Amazon EC2.
Tape Gateway – With a tape gateway, you can cost-effectively and durably archive backup data in Amazon Glacier. A tape gateway provides a virtual tape infrastructure that scales seamlessly with your business needs and eliminates the operational burden of provisioning, scaling, and maintaining a physical tape infrastructure.
For more information on Storage gateways, please visit the below URLs-
https://docs.aws.amazon.com/storagegateway/latest/userguide/WhatIsStorageGateway.html
https://aws.amazon.com/storagegateway/faqs/